जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
युवा लेखक प्रचण्ड प्रवीर इन दिनों रस सिद्धांत के आधार पर विश्व सिनेमा के अध्ययन में लगे हैं. उनका यह लेख इस बात को लेकर है कि करुण रस दुनिया भर की फिल्मों में किस तरह अभिव्यक्त हुआ है. अंतर्पाठीयता का एक बेजोड़ उदाहरण- मॉडरेटर.
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इस लेखमाला में अब तक आपने पढ़ा:
2. भारतीय दृष्टिकोण से विश्व सिनेमा का सौंदर्यशास्त्र – https://www.jankipul.com/2014/07/blog-post_89.html
5. विस्मय और चमत्कार : विश्व सिनेमा में अद्भुत रस की फिल्में – https://www.jankipul.com/2014/08/blog-post_29.html
6. विश्व सिनेमा में वीर रस की फिल्में – (भाग– १) – https://www.jankipul.com/2014/09/blog-post_24.html,
8. शोक, पीड़ा, और कर्त्तव्य: विश्व सिनेमा में करूण रस की फिल्में (भाग– १) : https://www.jankipul.com/2014/11/blog-post_12.html
भारतीय शास्त्रीय सौंदर्यशास्त्र के दृष्टिकोण से विश्व सिनेमा का परिचय कराती इस लेखमाला की नौवीं कड़ी में कारूण्य रस की विश्व की महान फिल्में –
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शोक, पीड़ा, और कर्त्तव्य: विश्व सिनेमा में करूण रस की फिल्में (भाग- २)
(पिछले अंक से आगे …)
धन का नाश होना शोक का कारण है। किन्तु प्रश्न यह उठता है कि धन क्या है। कितना खो जाना शोक का कारण हो जाता है? इस संदर्भ में संस्कृत सुभाषितानि का एक श्लोक है:
सर्वनाशे समुत्पन्ने ह्मर्धं त्यजति पण्डित: ।
अर्धेन कुरुते कार्यं सर्वनाशो हि दु:सह: ॥
अर्धेन कुरुते कार्यं सर्वनाशो हि दु:सह: ॥
अर्थात् जब सर्वनाश निकट आता है, तब बुद्धिमान मनुष्य अपने पास जो कुछ है उसका आधा गँवाने की तैयारी रखता है। आधे से भी काम चलाया जा सकता है, परंतु सब कुछ गँवाना बहुत दु:खदायक होता है।
फिल्म इतिहास में Bicycle Thieves (Ladri di biciclette – 1948) अक्सर दुनिया की महानतम फिल्मों में गिनी जाती है। इस फिल्म में इटालियन नियो–रियलिज्म को पुख्ता किया। यह कहानी है द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद बेरोजगार आदमी की जिसे सरकार की तरफ से नौकरी मिलती है फिल्मों के पोस्टर लगाने की। यह नौकरी उसके दो बच्चों, बीवी और खुद का पेट पालने के लिये बहुत जरूरी है, लेकिन अड़चन ये है कि उसके पास एक साइकिल नहीं है। घर के चादर बेच कर मियाँ बीवी एक पुरानी साइकिल खरीदते हैं। जब बाप–बेटे काम पर जाते हैं, तब थोड़ी ही देर में उनकी साइकिल चोरी हो जाती है। पूरी फिल्म में, गरीब आदमी की एकमात्र पूँजी और जीने का सहारा, एक पुरानी साइकिल की खोज के बारे में है। मुझे आज भी याद है कि जब पहली बार ये फिल्म हमारे हॉस्टल में फिल्म सोसाइटी ने दिखायी थी, एक ऐसा लड़का न था जो फिल्म के आखिरी दृश्य को देख कर रो नहीं रहा था। मैं ये कहना चाहूँगा कि साधन रहते हुये, जिसने यह फिल्म नहीं देखी है, या तुरंत देखने की ललक नही रखता वह सिनेमा का प्रेमी नहीं हो सकता। Vittorio De Sica (1901- 1974) की ही अगली फिल्म Umberto D. (1951) एक बूढे आदमी और कुत्ते के घर से बेदखल होने जाने की करूण कहानी है। यह फिल्म बर्गमैन की पसंदीदा फिल्मों में एक थी।
महान स्पेनी निर्देशक Luis Buñuel (1900- 1983) की मेक्सिकन फिल्म Los Olvidados (1950) कई महान लेखकों (जैसे कि नोबल पुरस्कार विजेता मारियो वर्गास लोसा) की पसंदीदा फिल्म है । ये गरीब लड़कों की दुष्टता, एक अंधे भिखारी की पिटाई और उसके शैतानियों का ऐसा चित्रण किया जैसा कि आमतौर पर देखने को मिलता है, जिसे हम वास्तविकता का नाम देते हैं। इस फिल्में में अनैतिकता, छोटी पूँजी का नाश, मृत्यु– हर तरह का शोक मौजूद है। गरीब और अनाथ होने के साथ जो कई तरह की बुराईयाँ साथ आ जाती हैं, उनका ये बेजोड़ चित्रण है। लुइस बुनुएल की महान फिल्मों के साथ यह समस्या रही है कि उनकी महान फिल्में जैसे कि Viridiana (1961), Tristana (1970), The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972), The Phantom of Liberty (1974), That Obscure Object of Desire (1977) – किसी एक प्रमुख रस पर आधारित न हो कर कई सारे भावों और रसों का समन्वय हुआ करती हैं। मेरा मानना है कि लुइस बुनुएल फिल्मों के माध्यम से अपने विचार रखने में, लोगों को कला के दम पर सोचने पर मजबूर करने में ज्यादा दिलचस्पी रखते थे। उनके लिये अनुभूति आवश्यक तो थी पर उत्पन्न अनुभूति यह चाहती थी कि बुद्धि संदेश जल्दी से जल्दी ग्रहण करे। फिल्मों में जितनी विविधता बुनुएल ने अपने लम्बे कैरियर में दी, उतनी विशाल और महान विविधता शायद ही किसी और निर्देशक ने दी है। उन्होंने कभी अपने फिल्मों का प्रचार प्रसार नहीं किया। कभी उसकी महत्ता नहीं समझायी। जब उन्हें अॉस्कर अवार्ड लेने के लिये बहुत दबाव डाला गया तो अपने अंदाज में उन्होंने बड़े धूप के चश्में पहने, औऱ एक विग लगा कर अवार्ड स्वीकार किया।
फेडरिको फेलिनी (1920-1933), जिन्होंने कैरियर के शुरूआत में रॉबर्टो रोसेलिनी के सहायक के रूप में की, बाद में दुनिया के महान निर्देशकों में एक कहलाये। फिल्म 8 1/2(1963) इनके कैरियर की महान फिल्म थी जो उनके काम के बीच में भी गहरा विभाजन करती है। इससे पहले की महान फिल्में जैसे कि I Vitelloni (1953), La Strada (1954), Nights of Cabiria (1957), La Dolce Vita (1960) जो कि समाज की विसंगतियाँ और करूण कहानियाँ थी, और कैरियर के दूसरे भाग में उन्होंने Satyricon (1969), Amarcord (1974), जैसी फिल्में बनायीं जिसमें स्वप्न जैसे दृश्य, स्मृतियाँ, संगीत, समारोह प्रमुख होते गये। कैरियर के अंत में उनका सम्मान बहुत हद तक कम गया। जिस तरह लोग देव आनंद साहेब की बेकार फिल्मों को भी केवल आदर दे कर नजरअंदाज कर देते थे, कुछ–कुछ उसी तरह उनकी बाद की फिल्मों को लोगों ने नजरअंदाज करने लगे थे।
इनकी दो फिल्में La Strada (1954) और Nights of Cabiria (1957) करूण रस की दृष्टि से महान फिल्में हैं। ये दोनों ही फिल्में नायिका प्रधान हैं जिसमें फेलिनी की पत्नी Giulietta Masina ने अभिनय किया था। दोनों फिल्मों को विदेशी फिल्मों के लिये ऑस्कर अवार्ड मिला था। फिल्म Nights of Cabiria (1957) ही वो फिल्म थी जिसने महबूब खान की मदर इंडिया को एक वोट से ऑस्कर अवार्ड मिलने से रोक दिया था। इस फिल्म के लिये जिउलिटा मसीना को कान फिल्म फेस्टिवम में सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री का खिताब मिला था। नीना रोटा के करूण संगीत से सजी दोनों फिल्म असहाय और गरीब औरत की कहानी है। फिल्म La Strada में नगर–नगर घूम के तमाशा दिखा कर पैसे कमाने वाला बलशाली आदमी ‘जम्पानो‘ एक बेहद गरीब औरत से उसकी जवान बेटी खरीद लेता है, जिसकी बड़ी बहन उसकी पहली पत्नी थी, जो किसी तरह मर गयी थी। रोती हुयी गरीब औरत अपनी बेटी ‘जेल्सोमिना‘को बेचते हुये कहती है कि इससे उसे एक कम आदमी के लिये खाना बनाना पड़ेगा। ये गरीब लड़की मार खा कर तमाशा करना सीखती है, लेकिन चोरी बेईमानी, खून खराबे से दूर रहना चाहती है। ठीक इससे उलट स्वाभाव के अपने दुष्ट जीजा को अपना मर्द मानने लगती है। फिल्म में ‘नीना रोटा‘ का संगीत अविस्मरणीय है। इस फिल्म को बनाते हुये आर्थिक कठिनाइयों से जूझते हुये फेलिनी का नर्वस ब्रेकडाउन हो गया था। शुरू में इस फिल्म को आलोचकों ने बकवास करार दिया। आज इसे दुनिया के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण फिल्मों मे गिना जाता है। फिल्म की नायिका मसीना को दुनिया के कोने–कोने से हजारों ऐसी बेसहारा औरतों के खत मिलें जिसमें लिखा था कि उनके मर्द जो उन्हें छोड़ गये थे, इस फिल्म को देख कर वापस लौट आये। सिनेमा के ऐसे चमत्कार का लेखा–जोखा कौन रखता है? लोग को सच्चाई का रास्ता दिखाना कला की सबसे बड़ी ताकत है। फिल्म Nights of Cabiria द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद एक वेश्या ‘कैबिरिया‘ की कहानी है, जिसके कमाये पैसे उसके पुरूष दोस्त चोरी कर के उसे मरने के लिये छोड़ देना चाहते हैं। भोली भाली, और दिल की बेहद अच्छी कैबिरिया का इस्तेमाल एक जादूगर अपने शो में करता है, जब वो उसे सम्मोहित कर के दुनिया के सामने उसकी भावनाओं का मजाक उड़ाता है कि वो भी किसी प्रेम करना चाहती है, घर बसाना चाहती है। लोग कैबिरिया पर हँसते हैं मानों कि किसी वेश्या को सपने देने का कोई हक नहीं, कोई चाहत रखने का हक नहीं। रातों को घूमते हुये कैबिरिया की मुलाकात शमशान के पास जमीन के खोह में रहने वाली बूढी फटेहाल वेश्याओं से भी होता है जिनके पास कभी ढाई किलो का सोना हुआ करता था, औऱ जो अब दो वक्त के रोटी के लिये भी किसी की दया पर निर्भर हैं। दोनों फिल्में अपने महान अंत के दृश्यों के लिये याद की जाती है।
अमेरिकी निर्देशक Elia Kazan (1909- 2003) की प्रसिद्ध नाटक के नाम पर ही बनी फिल्म A Street Car Named Desire (1951) में एक शराब की लत की मारी युवावस्था की ढलान पर खोयी सी ‘ब्लैंच‘ को घोर गरीबी में अपनी बहन और उसके पति के घर शरण लेनी पड़ती है। दिखावटी अमीरी में वह कई अपमान को सहती रहती है। फिल्म के अंत में नर्वस ब्रेकडाउन के बाद जब अधिकारी उसे लेने आते हैं, तब पगलायी सी ‘ब्लैंच‘ दयालु अधिकारी के बढ़ाये हुये हाथ को थाम कर कहती है – “आप जो भी हैं, मैं हमेशा अजनबियों के दया पर निर्भर रही हूँ।” यह शोक है, करूणा है, विषाद का प्रलाप है कि धनहीन अवस्था में कैसी दयनीय हालत हो जाती है। वूडी एलेन की बहुचर्चित फिल्म Blue jasmine (2013) की ठीक ऐसी ही कहानी थी।
बिली वाइल्डर की फिल्म Sunset Boulevard (1950) में मूक फिल्मों के ज़माने की एक अभिनेत्री का जीवन है, जो फिल्मों से रिटायर हो चुकी है और अब वापस हॉलीवुड में बतौर अभिनेत्री आना चाहती है। किसी सफल अभिनेत्री के यश छीन जाने के बाद उसकी लालसा का इसमें करुण चित्रण है. इस फिल्म का अंत भी बेहद मार्मिक और अविस्मरणीय है।
कल्पना कीजिये कोई धरती के सबसे बड़े भूभाग का राजा हो, सम्राट हो, औऱ उसकी सारी जायदाद छीन कर उसे जेल में डाल दिया जाये। जेल से छूटने पर जिसे माली का काम करना पड़े, जिसके इशारे पे कई लोगों के सर कलम हो सकते थे। ऐसी कहानी थी इटालवी निर्देशक Bernando Bertullocci (जन्म 1941) की महान फिल्म The Last Emperor (1987), जिसे नौ ऑस्कर पुरस्कार मिले थे। चीन के आखिरी सम्राट पुयी Aisin-Gioro Puyi (1906- 1967) के जीवन पर आधारित फिल्म उनके जीवन से चीन के इतिहास पर सरसरी निगाह दौड़ाती है। धन का चला जाना, शक्ति का चला जाना, इन सब कारणों से सम्राट का मानवीय चित्रण सहज करूणा का कारण बन जाता है।
मृत्यु का शोक पीड़ादायक व अस्तित्व को हिला देने वाला अनुभव होता है। मृत्यु को जीवन का सत्य समझ कर मन में कई तरह के दार्शनिक विचार उत्पन्न होते रहते हैं। किसी प्रियजन की मृत्यु की कल्पना भी कष्टकर होती है। लेकिन
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