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विश्व सिनेमा में वीर रस की फिल्में (भाग- १)

आइआइटी पलट युवा लेखक प्रचण्ड प्रवीर इन दिनों भरतमुनि के रस-सिद्धांत के आधार पर विश्व सिनेमा का अवलोकन प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं. आज उन्होंने वीर रस के आधार पर विश्व सिनेमा की कुछ नायाब कृतियों का मूल्यांकन किया है. रोचक है. पढ़कर बताइए- मॉडरेटर.
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इस लेखमाला में अब तक आपने पढ़ा:
1. हिन्दी फिल्मों का सौंदर्यशास्त्र https://www.jankipul.com/2014/06/blog-post_7.html
2.
भारतीय दृष्टिकोण से विश्व सिनेमा का सौंदर्यशास्त्र https://www.jankipul.com/2014/07/blog-post_89.html
3.
भयावह फिल्मों का अनूठा संसार https://www.jankipul.com/2014/08/blog-post_8.html
4.
वीभत्स रस और विश्व सिनेमा https://www.jankipul.com/2014/08/blog-post_20.html
5.
विस्मय और चमत्कार : विश्व सिनेमा में अद्भुत रस की फिल्में https://www.jankipul.com/2014/08/blog-post_29.html
भारतीय शास्त्रीय सौंदर्यशास्त्र के दृष्टिकोण से विश्व सिनेमा का परिचय कराती इस लेखमाला की छठी कड़ी है वीर रस की विश्व की महान फिल्में :-
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विश्व सिनेमा में वीर रस की फिल्में (भाग- १)

हमारे एक मित्र हैं – कर्नल साहब। फिल्मों औऱ सौंदर्यशास्त्र की चर्चा में उन्होंने मुझे एक नयी दिशा का भान कराया। किसी दिन दुनाली साफ करते हुये उन्होंने मुझसे पूछा- “बहुत फिल्म देखते हो तुम। जरा बताओ मिथुन चक्रवर्ती का प्यारी बहनादेखे हो? नहीं देखो हो? इसमें मिथुन का एक हाथ नहीं होता है। जाओ, तुमको क्या पता होगा फिल्म के बारे में। तुम आज तक कोई ढंग का फिल्म ही नहीं देखे हो और बात करते हो… रहने दो। अच्छा तुमको एक और मौका देते हैं। क्या तुम मिथुन का ही जीने की आरजूदेखे हो?” चूँकि नहीं देखा था इसलिये कर्नल साहब की दुत्कार सुन ली गयी। इसमें उनको अन्यथा समझने की जरूरत नहीं हैं। जर्मन दार्शनिक कांट ने इस पर कहा था कि सौंदर्य की अवधारणा में व्यक्ति केवल अपने लिये नहीं, बल्कि पूरे संसार के लिये अपना निर्णय सुनाता है। हर व्यक्ति को यह समझने में कठिनाई होती है कि बाकियों को उनकी पसंद क्यों नहीं अच्छी लग रही है। इसके पीछे उन्होंने अपने कुछ सिद्धांत दिये, जो किसी भी इच्छुक पाठक को प्रयत्न कर के पढ़ना चाहिये। बिना प्रयत्न के विद्या नहीं आती।
कांट मनोरंजन और सौंदर्य आस्वादन में भी भेद करते हैं। उनके अनुसार समय के इस तरह व्यतीत होना कि वह सुखकर लगे वह मनोरंजन है। मनोरंजन को सुखद या अनुकूल कला कहा  और सौंदर्य को कल्पना एवं बोध का जटिल पारस्परिक प्रभाव बताया। वैचारिकों के अनुसार कांट जैसी अवधारणा वाले विद्वान मिथुन चक्रवर्ती की कई फिल्मों को केवल मनभावन कह कर खारिज कर देंगे। लेकिन कर्नल साहब का प्रश्न है कि क्या केवल समय व्यतीत करने के लिये लोग फिल्में देखा करते हैं? अगर ऐसा होता तो फिल्मों का एक बड़ा पहलू व्यवसाय जो आम जनता से जुड़े उन्माद पर आधारित है, उसे नजरअंदाज नहीं किया जा सकता। उदाहरण के तौर पर सन 1998 में आयी मलयालम फिल्म हरिकृष्णन्स- जिसमें ममूटी, मोहनलाल, जूही चावला थे, उसके दो अलग अलग अंत बनाये गये जिसमें जूही चावला किसी एक नायक को अपना जीवनसाथी चुनती है। फिल्म के दो रूप विशेष क्षेत्र के दर्शकों को लुभाने के लिये, उनके क्रोध से बचने के लिये बनायी गयी थी। हम दक्षिण भारत के अनेकों उदाहरण जानते हैं जहाँ फिल्मी सितारे देवताओं की तरह पूजे जाते हैं।
मेरे मत से इस तरह का जुड़ाव न तो सौंदर्यबोध है, न ही मनोरंजन- एक तरह से मोह और अहं की अभिव्यक्ति। फिल्मों को ले कर उन्माद या दंगा फसाद की अभिव्यक्ति से जुड़े लोग किसी अपनी वीरता का आतुर परिचय देना चाहते हैं।
भरतमुनि के अनुसार वीर रस तीन तरह से परिलक्षित है :
1. उपहार देने से
2.
धर्म निभाने से
3.
शत्रु से युद्ध करने में
भरतमुनि के नाट्यशास्त्र का यह स्वरूप शायद बहुत से लोगों ने मिल कर लिखा होगा, पर पूरे सिद्धांत में एक गहरी एकरूपता नजर आती है। बिना किसी चर्चा के सभी भाव के उसके अनुकूल विभाव और अनुभाव सूची बद्ध है। नाट्यशास्त्र में उत्साह भाव तक ले जाने वाले व्यभिचारी भाव और सात्विक भाव इस तरह से लिखे हैं
मति (बुद्धिमान या विद्वान पुरूष का परिस्थिति का आकलन करना), धृति (संतुष्टि- धन, वैभव, ज्ञान, शुद्धता से होने वाला संतोष), उत्साह, उग्रता (क्रूरता – किसी को दंड देना), आवेग, हर्ष, असूय (ईर्ष्या), अमर्ष (किसी श्रेष्ठ व्यक्ति से अपमानित होने पर रोष, घृणा मिश्रित क्रोध), क्रोध, स्वरभंग (आवाज का बदलना), वैवर्ण्य (चेहरे का रंग बदलना)मद (घमण्ड), गर्व (धन, रूप, कुल, वैभव के कारन दूसरों से रूखा व्यवहार जैसे तीखा बोलना, नमस्कार का उत्तर न देना, दूसरों का अपमान करना), और वितर्क (किसी विषय वस्तु के चर्चा के दौरान शंका, जटिलता, पेचदगी से होने वाली हैरानी को छुपाना)।
उपहार से निरूपित वीर रस की फिल्में 
सामान्यतया उपहार लेना और देना कई प्राचीन परम्पराओं में धार्मिक व्यक्तियों के लिए निषेध माना जाता है। यह माना जाता है कि उपहार देने वाला बड़ा होता है, और लेने वाला छोटा. बड़े-छोटे होने के खेल से मुक्त हो जाना ही लोग उचित समझते हैं।
साधारण जीवन में कभी-कभी ऐसे मौके आते हैं जब उपहार देना एक वीरता का परिचय हो जाता है। यह वीरता शारीरिक शौर्य से हट कर चरित्र की दृढ़ता का दिखलाता है। इस बात को समझने वाले थे अनपढ़ और घोर गरीबी में जीवन गुजारने वाले महान अभिनेता सर चार्ल्स स्पेंसर चैप्लिन यानी चार्ली चैप्लिन।
सन १९२९ में आवाज़ वाली फिल्में आयीं, तब दुनिया ने लगभग मान लिया कि मूक फिल्मों का ज़माना चला गया है। लेकिन इस बात को स्वीकार न करने की जिद में बैठे चार्ली चैपलिन बनायीं अपनी सबसे खूबसूरत फिल्म सन १९३१ में आई City Lights (1931), जो कि बेहद महँगी बनी थी। इस फिल्म के पहले दृश्य में आवाज़ का मजाक भी उड़ाया गया है। कहानी है एक बेघर ट्रैम्प की, जिसे एक अंधी लेकिन बेहद खूबसूरत लड़की गलती से करोड़पति समझ बैठती है। चैप्लिन साहेब उसकी मदद करने के लिए, उसे तरह-तरह उपहार देने के लिए फिल्म में तमाम मुश्किलें उठाते हैं, यहाँ तक कि उन्हें जेल भी जाना पड़ जाता है। फिल्म के आखिरी दृश्य में जब अंधी लड़की आँखों के ऑपरेशन के बाद ट्रैम्प से मिलती है, सिनेमा के इतिहास में दर्ज सबसे सुन्दर भावपूर्ण दृश्यों में से एक, सारी दुनिया एक गरीब और उत्साही ट्रैम्प पर रो पड़ती है, लेकिन ट्रैम्प मुस्कुरा रहा होता है। ये मुस्कराहट उत्साह और वीरता का रहस्य है, जिसे चैप्लिन जानते थे। इस सच को लोग इस फिल्म को देख कर महसूस कर सकते हैं। 

इस महान फिल्म को कई पश्चिमी विद्वान प्रेम कहानी की तरह देखते हैं, पर एकतरफा स्नेह को भरतमुनि क्या प्रेम मान लेंगे? मैं नही मानता। चैप्लिन की कई फिल्में वीर रस की फिल्में हैं जैसे कि The Kid (1921), जिसमें वह कठिनाईयों से लड़ते हुये अनाथ बच्चे की देखभाल करते हैं।  इस तरह इस अध्ययन के साथ-साथ हमें वीरता के संकुचित अर्थ को बदलना होगा, तभी जीवन में नयी दृष्टि आ पायेगी।
सुप्रसिद्ध कथाकार ओ हेनरी की अमर कहानी ‘The Gift of Magi’ कई बार फिल्मों में बनायीं गयी (हिन्दी फिल्मों में रेनकोट (१९९४) और लुटेरा (२०१३))। इस कथानक में  नायक और नायिका अपने उत्साह भाव से होते हुये मूल कवि कल्पित भाव जो यहाँ पर रति है, उस तक पहुँचते हैं। ये वीर रस की फिल्में नहीं है।
The City of Lost Children (1995) फिल्म के निर्देशक Jean-Pierre Jeunet की सन २००१ में आयी फ्रेंच फिल्म Amélie एक अकेली लड़की की कहानी है जो अपने आस पास के लोगों की मदद करती है, और इस तरह उसके उत्साह भरे जीवन की शुरुआत होती है।  एमिली के अपार्टमेंट में उसे संयोग से एक बहुत पुराना कम्पास बॉक्स मिलता है। एमिली इस बॉक्स के मालिक को ढूँढ कर उसकी चालीस साल पुरानी स्कूल बॉक्स उपहार में देती है। ऐसे उपहार मिलने से उस व्यक्ति के सोच पर गहरा असर पड़ता है और वह अपनी अलग रह रही बेटी और नाती से मिलने के लिए निकल पड़ता है। एमेली की वीरता आस पास दुखियारे लोगों को खुश करने और उनकी ज़िन्दगी में बदलाव लाने में है।  
सन १९९७ में दो फिल्में विदेशी फिल्मों के ऑस्कर अवार्ड के लिए दावेदार थी Life is Beautiful (1997) और ईरानी फिल्म निर्देशक माजिद मजीदी की ‘Children of Heaven’। पहली फिल्म में उत्साही नायक नाज़ी कैम्प में फँसे जाने के बाद अपने बेटे को यह यकीन दिलाता है कि सब कुछ एक खेल की तरह है और खेल के अंत में जीतने वाले को एक टैंक उपहार स्वरुप भेंट की जायेगी। पुरस्कार और उपहार में थोड़ा अंतर है, उस अंतर को इस उदहारण में लांघते हुए इस फिल्म में उत्साह और वीरता को समझा जा सकता है कि बिना किसी विशेष स्थिति के, रोजमर्रा के जीवन में उत्साह से कैसा रस घोला जा सकता है। बच्चा-ए-आसमानमें दस साल का छोटा गरीब लड़का अपनी छोटी बहन के खोये हुए जूते के लिए उसे अपने जूते पहनने को देता है। जब बहन सुबह के स्कूल से वापस आती है तब अली दौड़ कर अपने दोपहर के स्कूल में पहुंचा करता है। पिताजी पर अनावश्यक बोझ बढ़ाने के बजाये वह एक प्रतियोगता में दौड़ कर तीसरा स्थान पाना चाहता है ताकि वह अपनी बहन को उपहार में जूते दे सके।
धर्मानुकूल आचरण की उत्साह रस वाली फिल्में
धर्म यानी नीतिगत आचरण ऐसा विषय है जिसमें अलग-अलग विचारों से सर्वथा भिन्न सिद्धांत बन जाते हैं। अगर फिल्मों का नायक यह कह दे, भाई मैं ज्यादा पढ़ा लिखा नहीं हूँ, ज्यादा सोच विचार नहीं कर सकता, मेरा तो धर्म बस इस बात में है कि जो मुझे अन्याय लगे, या गलत लगे तो उस पर मैं फौरन लाठी चला दूँ। अधिकतर फिल्में इसी सिद्धांत पर बनती हैं कि हमारे नायकों का सामना कुछ ऐसी परिस्थियों से होता है, कुछ ऐसे गुंडों से होता है जो कि लूट-पाट कर रहे हों, और वहाँ नायक का धर्म समाज के खलनायकों पर टूट कर बरसना है। इसकी चर्चा हम आगे करेंगे। लेकिन इसका दूसरा पक्ष यह भी है कि कुछ लोग ऐसा कहेंगे कि खलनायकों से निपटने के लिए समाज में सुरक्षा का एक तंत्र है। उस न्याय और दण्ड व्यवस्था को ही इसका काम करना चाहिये। हम उस तंत्र के भ्रष्ट होने की आलोचना कर सकते हैं, उसके खिलाफ आन्दोलन कर सकते हैं लेकिन समाज की स्वीकृत व्यवस्था को तोड़ कर किसी पर बरसने का अधिकार नागरिक को नहीं है। चूंकि महात्मा गाँधी को मरे हुए पैंसठ साल से ऊपर हो गए हैं, हम अहिंसा को अप्रासंगिक कहते हुए नज़रअंदाज़ कर के आगे बढ़ सकते हैं।
हॉलीवुड ने अपने सुनहरे दौर में कई ऐसी फिल्में बनायीं जिसमें नायक का अर्थ उत्साही और धर्मानुकूल आचरण करने वाला था। मशहूर अमेरिकी निर्देशक फ्रैंक कापरा अपनी पाँच अॉस्कर अवार्ड से सम्मानित फिल्म It Happened One Night (1934) (जिसकी नकल  राज कपूर की चोरी-चोरी (1956) और महेश भट्ट की दिल है कि मानता नहीं (1991)) बना कर उससे बिल्कुल खिन्न थे। सार्थक मूल्यों वाली उनकी तीन फिल्में Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941) औऱ It’s a Wonderful Life (1946) में ऐसे नायकों का वर्णन हैं जो संसद में भ्रष्टाचारी मंत्री के खिलाफ अकेला लड़ता है, एक ऐसा नायक जो जनता की भावनाओं से खेलने के बजाये आत्महत्या करने को उद्धत हो उठता है, एक नायक जो समाज कल्याण के लिये एक बैंक चलाता है, और अपनी खुशी के बदले कई लोगों की मदद करता है और सारी कठिनाईयों के बदले कहता है – कोई आदमी जिंदगी में नहीं हारता जब तक उसके दोस्त होते हैं। लेकिन कॉपरा साहब जैसे जैसे मूल्यों पर आधारित फिल्में वे बनाते गये, उत्तरोत्तर उनकी लोकप्रियता घटती गयी।

प्रसिद्ध Scarface (1932), Bringing Up Baby (1938), The Big Sleep (1946) जैसी फिल्मों के निर्देशक Howard Hawks (1896- 1977) की Sargeant York (1941) एक सैनिक की सत्यकथा पर आधारित थी। एल्विन यॉर्क नाम के एक गरीब, धर्मभीरू, और अचूक निशानेबाज को प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान अमेरिकी सेना में अनिच्छा से भर्ती कर लिया जाता है। अहिंसा के अपने सिद्धांतों पर अडिग सार्जेंट यार्क युद्ध और हत्या से घृणा करता है, पर एक मौके पर वह अकेला ही जर्मन सेना के 132 सिपाहियों को कैद कर लाता है। नायक की वीरता यहाँ पर खत्म नहीं होती। उसकी सच्ची वीरता उसके मूल्यों पर अडिग रहने पर दिखती है, जब वह अपनी बहादुरी को भुनाने के लिये किसी भी तरह के व्यवसायिक प्रचार प्रसार के लिये मना कर देता है। हमारा नायक इनाम के तौर एक छोटी सी जमीन और पक्के घर से संतुष्ट हो जाता है। यह मति और धृति का उदाहरण है। हमारे देश में कई रत्न, भूषण, विभूषण कितनी ही हानिकारक चीजों का प्रचार करते नजर आते हैं, मैं सोचता हूँ कि क्या उनकी अंतरात्मा सो रही होती है? सार्जेंट यार्क अपने जीवन पर किसी तरह की फिल्म बनाने के लिये भी राजी नहीं थे, जब तक एक धार्मिक स्कूल बनाने के लिय उन्हें पैसे की घोर जरूरत नहीं आ पड़ी।

वीर रस से नायक अवधारणा बहुत अच्छी तरह जुड़ी हुयी है। आम तौर पर किसी भी कथानक में नायक को हम उत्साही और विजयी देखना चाहते हैं, उनसे वैसी ही उम्मीदें लगा बैठते हैं। फ्रेंच निर्देशक Jean Renoir की Grand Illusion (1937) विश्व युद्ध के दौरान विभिन्न देश के नायकों के लिये राष्ट्र, जेल, जीवन, स्वतंत्रता को ले कर उत्साही और दार्शनिक वर्णन हैं। अॉर्सन वेल्स इसे दुनिया की महानतम फिल्म करार देते हैं।  खुद उनकी फिल्में नायक की अमर्ष, क्रोध, गर्व को दिखलाती दुनिया की महानतम फिल्म गिनी जाती हैं – पहली सन 1941में आयी Citizen Kane और दूसरी 1942 में The Magnificent Ambersons। कथानक से अधिक, इन फिल्मों में सौंदर्य निर्देशक द्वारा दृश्य की समृद्ध परिकल्पना और नवीनतम प्रयोगों से है। लेकिन इनमें कई गर्व, मति, उग्रता दिखलाते हु

 
      

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