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प्रेमचंद कैसे बने मुंशी प्रेमचंद?

प्रेमचंद के मुंशी प्रेमचंद बनने की यह कहानी पढ़ी तो आपसे साझा करने का मन हुआ. डॉ. जगदीश व्योम ने लिखी है. जहाँ पढ़ा उसक सन्दर्भ लेख के नीचे यथास्थान दे दिया है- मॉडरेटर 
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सुप्रसिद्ध साहित्यकारों के मूल नाम के साथ कभी-कभी कुछ उपनाम या विशेषण ऐसे घुल-मिल जाते हैं कि साहित्यकार का मूल नाम तो पीछे रह जाता है और यह उपनाम या विशेषण इतने प्रसिद्ध हो जाते हैं कि उनके बिना कवि या रचनाकार का नाम अधूरा लगने लगता है। साथ ही मूल नाम अपनी पहचान ही खोने लगता है। भारतीय जनमानस की संवेदना में बसे उपन्यास सम्राट ‘प्रेमचंद’ जी भी इस पारंपरिक तथ्य से अछूते नहीं रह सके।उनका नाम यदि मात्र प्रेमचंद लिया जाय तो अधूरा सा प्रतीत होता है।

उपनाम या तख़ल्लुस से तो बहुत से कवि और लेखक जाने जाते हैं किन्तु ‘मुंशी’ प्रेमचंद का उपनाम या तखल्लुस नहीं था। ऐसी स्थिति में प्रश्न यह उठता है कि ‘प्रेमचंद’ के नाम के साथ ‘मुंशी’ का क्या संबंध था। यह शब्द आखिर जुड़ा कैसे? क्या प्रेमचंद ने कभी मुंशी का काम किया या यह उपाधि उनके परिवार में पिता या पितामह से उनके पास विरासत में हस्तांतरित हुई। साथ ही प्रेमचंद का मूल नाम क्या था और वह बदल कर प्रेमचंद कैसे हो गया? प्रेमचंद के नाम के साथ ‘उपन्यास सम्राट’ का एक और विशेषण भी जुड़ा हुआ है। यह सब नाम और उपाधियाँ प्रेमचंद के साथ कैसे जुड़ गए- इसके पीछे कुछ रोचक घटनाएँ हैं।

‘प्रेमचंद’ का वास्तविक नाम ‘धनपत राय’ था। ‘नबावराय’ नाम से वे उर्दू में लिखते थे। उनकी ‘सोज़े वतन’ (१९०९, ज़माना प्रेस, कानपुर) कहानी-संग्रह की सभी प्रतियाँ तत्कालीन अंग्रेजी सरकार ने ज़ब्त कर ली थीं। सरकारी कोप से बचने के लिए उर्दू अखबार “ज़माना” के संपादक मुंशी दया नारायण निगम ने नबाव राय के स्थान पर ‘प्रेमचंद’ उपनाम सुझाया। यह नाम उन्हें इतना पसंद आया कि ‘नबाव राय’ के स्थान पर वे ‘प्रेमचंद’ हो गए।

हिन्दी पुस्तक एजेन्सी का एक प्रेस कलकत्ता में था, जिसका नाम ‘वणिक प्रेस’ था। इसके मुद्रक थे ‘महाबीर प्रसाद पोद्दार’। वे प्रेमचंद की रचनाएँ बँगला के सुप्रसिद्ध उपन्यासकार शरत बाबू को पढ़ने के लिए दिया करते थे। एक दिन शरत बाबू से मिलने के लिए पोद्दार जी उनके घर पर गए। उन्होंने देखा कि शरत बाबू, प्रेमचंद का कोई उपन्यास पढ़ रहे थे। जो बीच में खुला हुआ था। कौतूहलवश पोद्दार जी ने उसे उठा कर देखा कि उपन्यास के एक पृष्ठ पर शरत् बाबू ने ‘उपन्यास सम्राट” लिख रखा है। बस, यहीं से पोद्दार जी ने प्रेमचंद को ‘उपन्यास सम्राट प्रेमचंद’ लिखना प्रारम्भ कर दिया। इस प्रकार धनपत राय से ‘प्रेमचंद’ तथा ‘उपन्यास सम्राट प्रेमचंद’ हुए।

प्रेमचंद जी के नाम के साथ ‘मुंशी’ कब और कैसे जुड़ गया? इस विषय में अधिकांश लोग यही मान लेते हैं कि प्रारम्भ में प्रेमचंद अध्यापक रहे। अध्यापकों को प्राय: उस समय मुंशी जी कहा जाता था। इसके अतिरिक्त कायस्थों के नाम के पहले सम्मान स्वरूप ‘मुंशी’ शब्द लगाने की परम्परा रही है। संभवत: प्रेमचंद जी के नाम के साथ मुंशी शब्द जुड़कर रूढ़ हो गया। इस जिज्ञासा की पूर्ति हेतु मैंने प्रेमचंद जी के सुपुत्र एवं सुप्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार श्री अमृत राय जी को एक पत्र लिखकर इस विषय में उनकी राय जाननी चाही। अमृतराय जी ने कृपा कर मेरे पत्र का उत्तर दिया। जो इस प्रकार है-

अमृत राय जी के अनुसार प्रेमचंद जी ने अपने नाम के आगे ‘मुंशी’ शब्द का प्रयोग स्वयं कभी नहीं किया। उनका यह भी मानना है कि मुंशी शब्द सम्मान सूचक है, जिसे प्रेमचंद के प्रशंसकों ने कभी लगा दिया होगा। यह तथ्य अनुमान पर आधारित है। यह बात सही है कि मुंशी शब्द सम्मान सूचक है। यह भी सच है कि कायस्थों के नाम के आगे मुंशी लगाने की परम्परा रही है तथा अध्यापकों को भी ‘मुंशी जी’ कहा जाता था। इसका साक्षी है प्रेमचंद से संबंधित साहित्य।

इस सम्बन्ध में प्रेमचंद की धर्म पत्नी ‘शिवरानी देवी’ की पुस्तक ‘प्रेमचंद घर में’ में प्रेमचंद से संबंधित सभी घरेलू बातों की चर्चा शिवरानी देवी ने की है। पूरी पुस्तक में कहीं भी प्रेमचंद के लिए ‘मुंशी’ शब्द का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है। इससे स्पष्ट है कि उस समय तक प्रेमचंद के नाम के साथ ‘मुंशी’ का प्रयोग नहीं होता था, और न ही सम्मान स्वरूप लोग उन्हें ‘मुंशी’ ही कहते थे, अन्यथा शिवरानी देवी प्रेमचंद के लिए कहीं न कहीं ‘मुंशी’ विशेषण का प्रयोग अवश्य करतीं। क्यों कि इसी पुस्तक में उन्होंने दया नारायण जी के लिए मुंशी जी शब्द का प्रयोग कई बार किया है परन्तु प्रेमचंद के लिए कहीं भी नहीं।
एक उदाहरण देखें-
“आप बीमार पड़े। मुझसे बोले-
हंस की जमानत तुम जमा करवा दो। मैं अच्छा हो जाने पर उसे सँभाल लूँगा।
उनकी बीमारी से मैं खुद परेशान थी उस पर ‘हंस’ की उनको इतनी फिक्र। मैं बोली, अच्छे हो जाइये, तब सब कुछ ठीक हो जाएगा।”
आप बोले, “नहीं दाखिल करा दो। रहूँ या न रहूँ “हंस” चलेगा ही। यह मेरा स्मारक होगा।”

मेरा गला भर आया। हृदय थर्रा गया। मैंने जमानत के रुपये जमा करवा दिए।
आपने समझा शायद धुन्नू, (अमृत राय घरेलू नाम) जमानत न करा पाए। दयानारायण जी निगम को तार दिया। वे आये। पहले बड़ी देर तक उन्हें पकड़ कर वे (प्रेमचंद) रोते रहे। वे भी रोते थे, मैं भी रोती थी, और मुंशी जी भी रोते थे। मुंशी जी ने कई बार रोकने की चेष्टा की पर आप बोले, ‘भाई शायद अब भेंट न हो।अब तुमसे सब बातें कह देना चाहता हूँ। तुमको बुलवाया है, हंस की जमानत करवा दो।”
(प्रेमचंद घर में – शिवरानी देवी, पृष्ठ-७०)

उपर्युक्त तथ्यों से स्पष्ट होता है कि प्रेमचंद के लिए ‘मुंशी’ शब्द का प्रयोग सम्मान सूचक के अर्थ में कदापि नहीं हुआ है और न ही उनके जीवन काल में उनके नाम के साथ लगाया जाता था। तो फिर यह ‘मुंशी’ शब्द कब से प्रेमचंद का सान्निध्य पा गया और किस लिए?

प्रेमचंद के नाम, जो प्रकाशकों ने उनकी कृतियों पर छापे हैं उनमें क्रमश: ‘श्री प्रेमचंद जी’ (मानसरोवर प्रथम भाग), ‘श्रीयुत प्रेमचंद (सप्त सरोज), ‘उपन्यास सम्राट प्रेमचंद धनपतराय (शिलालेख), प्रेमचंद (रंगभूमि), श्रीमान प्रेमचंद जी (निर्मला)आदि कृतियों पर कहीं भी ‘मुंशी’ का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है। जब कि श्री, श्रीयुत, उपन्यास सम्राट आदि विशेषणों का प्रयोग हुआ है। यदि प्रेमचंद के नाम के साथ ‘मुंशी” विशेषण का प्रचलन उस समय हो रहा होता तो कहीं न कहीं अवश्य प्रयुक्त होता। मगर मुंशी शब्द का प्रयोग प्रेमचंद जी के साथ कहीं नहीं हुआ है।

प्रेमचंद के नाम के साथ मुंशी विशेषण जुड़ने का एकमात्र कारण यही है कि ‘हंस’ नामक पत्र प्रेमचंद एवं ‘कन्हैयालाल मुंशी’ के सह संपादन मे निकलता था। जिसकी कुछ प्रतियों पर ‘कन्हैयालाल मुंशी’ का पूरा नाम न छपकर मात्र ‘मुंशी’ छपा रहता था साथ ही प्रेमचंद का नाम इस प्रकार छपा होता था। (हंस की प्रतियों पर देखा जा सकता है)।

संपादक
मुंशी, प्रेमचंद

‘हंस के संपादक प्रेमचंद तथा कन्हैयालाल मुंशी थे। परन्तु कालांतर में पाठकों ने ‘मुंशी’ तथा ‘प्रेमचंद’ को एक समझ लिया और ‘प्रेमचंद’- ‘मुंशी प्रेमचंद’ बन गए।

यह स्वाभाविक भी है। सामान्य पाठक प्राय: लेखक की कृतियों को पढ़ता है, नाम की सूक्ष्मता को नहीं देखा करता। उसे ‘प्रेमचंद’ और ‘मुंशी’ के पचड़े में पड़ने की क्या आवश्यकता थी। फिर कुछ संयोग ऐसा बना कि भ्रम का पक्ष सबल हो गया, वह ऐसे कि एक तो प्रेमचंद कायस्थ थे, दूसरे अध्यापक भी रहे। कायस्थों और अध्यापकों के लिए ‘मुंशी’ लगाने की परम्परा भी रही है। यह सब मिला कर जन सामान्य में वे ‘मुंशी प्रेमचंद’ के नाम से जाने जाने लगे। धीरे-धीरे मुंशी शब्द प्रेमचंद के साथ अच्छी तरह जुड़ गया। आज प्रेमचंद का मुंशी अलंकरण इतना रूढ़ हो गया है कि मात्र मुंशी से ही प्रेमचंद का बोध हो जाता है तथा ‘मुंशी’ न कहने से प्रेमचंद का नाम अधूरा-अधूरा सा लगता है।

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126 comments

  1. आपकी इस पोस्ट को आज की बुलेटिन जयंती – बालकृष्ण भट्ट और ब्लॉग बुलेटिन में शामिल किया गया है। कृपया एक बार आकर हमारा मान ज़रूर बढ़ाएं,,, सादर …. आभार।।

  2. प्रेमचन्द जी को उपन्यास-सम्राट की उपाधि शरत्चन्द्र ने दी यह जानकारी नई और उपयोगी है . उनके नाम से पहले मुंशी लगाने का तर्क भी सही लगा . हालाँकि मुंशी लिखा-पढ़ी करने वालों के लिये प्रयुक्त होता था जो अधिकांशतः कायस्थों के हिस्से में ही था .वह भी संभव है . जो भी हो अब मुंशी प्रेमचन्द रूढ़ होगया है तो हम सबके लिये वही वरेण्य है . उपयोगी आलेख के लिये धन्यवाद .

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