जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
रामचंद्र गुहा के इस लेख का अनुवाद ‘हंस’ के नए अंक में प्रकाशित हुआ है। अनुवाद मैंने किया है- प्रभात रंजन
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कई साल पहले जब मैं नेहरू स्मृति संग्रहालय एवं पुस्तकालय में काम कर रहा था तो मुझे किसी अज्ञात तमिल व्यक्ति का पोस्टकार्ड मिला जो उसने महान भारतीय चक्रवर्ती राजगोपालाचारी, ‘राजाजी’ को लिखा था। यह 1950 के दशक के उत्तरार्ध में लिखा गया था, जिसमें नेहरू, पटेल और राजाजी को क्रमशः महात्मा गांधी के हृदय, हाथ और मस्तक लिखा गया था। यह कितनी उपयुक्त बात है। आज़ादी के बाद, मानवीय नेहरू ने जनतांत्रिक भारत को पोषित करने के क्रम में भाषाई और धार्मिक अल्पसंख्यकों को नज़दीक लाकर गांधी के बहुलतावाद को आगे बढ़ाया। व्यवहारिक पटेल ने आज़ादी से पहले कांग्रेस को संघर्षशील संगठन के रूप में व्यवस्थित किया था, अब उन्होंने देश के प्रशासनिक ढाँचे को पुनर्गठित करते हुए देशी रजवाड़ों का एकीकरण किया। द्रष्टा राजाजी सरकार में अपने सहकर्मियों के साथ कुछ समय काम करने के बाद उनसे अलग हो गए और उन्होंने स्वतंत्र पार्टी का गठन किया तथा प्रभावी और अहंकार में चूर कांग्रेस पार्टी का मुक़ाबला करने लगे।
आज की राजनीति ऐसी हो गई है कि इसने बड़े त्रासद ढंग से जवाहरलाल नेहरू और वल्लभभाई पटेल को एक दूसरे के विरुद्ध खड़ा कर दिया है, जबकि सच यह है कि दोनों सहकर्मी थे और दोनों ने साथ साथ मिलकर काम किया। दोनों में असहमतियाँ थीं, निजी और राजनीतिक; लेकिन दोनों मतभेदों को परे करके देश को एकीकृत करने और इसको जनतांत्रिक रूप देने के लिए एक साथ काम करते रहे। गांधी की हत्या के तत्काल बाद के दौर के कुछ राजनेताओं के पत्र हैं जो उतने ही दिल को छू लेने वाले हैं जैसे इन दोनों नेताओं के पत्र हैं। जैसे नेहरू ने पटेल से कहा कि ‘बापू की मृत्यु के बाद सब कुछ बदल गया है, और हमें एक अलग तरह की और मुश्किल दुनिया का सामना करना पड़ेगा। पुराने विवादों का अब कोई मतलब नहीं रह गया है क्योंकि मुझे ऐसा लगता है कि हम सभी लोगों से समय की माँग यह है कि जितना संभव हो सके उतनी नज़दीकी और सहयोग भाव से हम काम करें…’ जवाब में पटेल ने कहा, ‘आपने जो भावना प्रकट की मैं तहे दिल से उस से सहमति जताता हूँ… हाल की घटनाओं से में बहुत दुखी हुआ था और मैंने बापू को लिखा था… उनसे गुज़ारिश की थी कि मुझे मुक्त कर दें, लेकिन उनकी मृत्यु के कारण सब कुछ बदल गया और जो संकट हम लोगों के ऊपर आया है उसने हमें जाग्रत बनाया है और हमारे अंदर इस बात की समझ फिर से पैदा की है कि हम लोगों ने साथ साथ कितना कुछ हासिल किया है और दुःख में डूबे देश के हित में यह ज़रूरी है कि इस तरह के संयुक्त प्रयास आगे भी किए जाएँ।‘
अगर नेहरु और पटेल ने 1948 के आरम्भिक दिनों में ही अपने मतभेदों को न भुलाया होता तो गणतंत्र बना ही नहीं होता। विभाजन के ज़ख़्म थे, बर्बर सांप्रदायिक दंगे हो रहे थे और लाखों शरणार्थियों का पुनर्वास करना था, साम्यवादी असंतोष उबल रहा था, हिंदू कट्टरवादियों के हौसले बढ़ रहे थे, बारिश नहीं हो रही थी और विदेशी मुद्रा भंडार बहुत कम हो गया था, देश की अर्थव्यवस्था की हालत बहुत ख़राब थी। कुछ विदेशी प्रेक्षकों का ऐसा मानना था कि यह एक देश के रूप में बचा रह जाएगा; लेकिन किसी ने यह नहीं सोचा था कि यह कभी सक्रिय जनतंत्र बन पाएगा। फिर भी यह बना। यह चमत्कार बहुत से स्त्री-पुरुषों के मिले जुले प्रयासों से संभव हुआ, जिन्होंने साथ साथ सहकार की भावना से काम किया, लेकिन शायद तीन देशभक्त सबसे ऊपर थे: नेहरु और पटेल, तथा क़ानून मंत्री और भारतीय संविधान के मुख्य वास्तुकार डॉक्टर बी॰आर॰ अम्बेडकर।
अम्बेडकर जीवन भर कांग्रेस पार्टी और विशेषकर गांधी के आलोचक रहे। उनको आज़ाद भारत की सरकार में शामिल होने के लिए महात्मा गांधी की नज़दीकी सहयोगी राजकुमारी अमृत कौर ने मनाया था। दूसरी तरफ़, नेहरु और पटेल गांधी के शिष्यों में ख़ास थे, या जैसा कि मैं इस लेख के उद्देश्य को ध्यान में रखते हुए कहना चाहता हूँ दूत थे। जब हम ग़ुलाम देश थे तब से ही उन्होंने महात्मा गांधी के निर्देशों के अनुसार काम किया, और उनकी मृत्यु के बाद उन्होंने बहुत से पृथक और विभाजित हिस्सों को एक करते हुए एक जनतांत्रिक देश बनाकर उनके उदाहरण को आगे बढ़ाने का काम किया।
आज़ादी के बाद, पटेल और नेहरु अपनी अपनी मृत्यु तक सरकार का हिस्सा बने रहे, जो क्रमशः दिसम्बर 1950 और मई 1964 में हुई। महात्मा गांधी के बेहद क़रीबी लोगों में दो अन्य लोगों ने भी सरकारी स्तर पर काम किया। वे थे राजेंद्र प्रसाद और मौलाना अबुल कलाम आज़ाद। प्रसाद ने भारत की संविधान सभा के अध्यक्ष के रूप में असाधारण काम किया, विचार विमर्शों को उन्होंने निश्चित दिशा में और कई बार सख़्ती के साथ निर्देशित किया। उसके बाद वे भारतीय गणतंत्र के प्रथम राष्ट्रपति बने, जिस पद की ज़िम्मेदारियों को उन्होंने गरिमा और सादगी से निभाया, बल्कि शायद बहुत अधिक मितभाषिता के साथ। आज़ाद, जो गांधी के सबसे क़रीबी मुस्लिम सहयोगी थे, विभाजन से टूट गए थे, सामासिक और बहुलतावादी भारत के उनके विचारों के लिए यह बहुत बड़ा झटका था। इसके बावजूद, शिक्षा और संस्कृति के हमारे पहले मंत्री के रूप में उन्होंने हमारे सार्वजनिक विश्वविद्यालयों के विस्तार के ऊपर ध्यान दिया जबकि साहित्य, संगीत, नाटक, नृत्य और कला के क्षेत्र में नई राष्ट्रीय अकादमियों का निर्माण किया।
जब 1950 और 1960 के दशक में भारतीय जनतंत्र अपने पैर जमा रहा था तो सरकार में कुछ विशुद्ध गांधीवादी थे, तो कुछ विशुद्ध गांधीवादी विपक्ष में भी थे। विपक्ष के विशुद्ध गांधीवादियों में सबसे प्रमुख थे जे॰बी॰ कृपलानी, जो गांधी को पटेल, राजाजी और नेहरु के भी पहले से जानते थे। गांधी के दक्षिण अफ़्रीका से लौटने के तत्काल बाद दोनों की मुलाक़ात शांतिनिकेतन में हुई थी, और चंपारण सत्याग्रह के दौरान उन्होंने गांधी के साथ साथ काम किया। नेहरु और पटेल की तरह कृपलानी ने भी ब्रिटिश जेल में कई साल बिताए; लेकिन उनके विपरीत, आज़ादी के बाद उन्होंने सत्तारूढ़ कांग्रेस पार्टी का दामन छोड़ दिया और विपक्ष में अंतरात्मा की आवाज़ बन गए। वह तीन अलग अलग राज्यों से सांसद निर्वाचित हुए, वह भी अपनी निजी विश्वसनीयता के कारण। कृपलानी लोकसभा में नेहरु सरकार के कटु आलोचक बन गए, विशेषकर चीन के साथ सीमा संकट के काल में, जब उन्होंने प्रभावशाली तरीक़े से रक्षा मंत्री वी॰के॰ कृष्ण मेनन की असफलताओं का ख़ुलासा किया।
जून 1975 में जब इमरजेंसी की घोषणा हुई तो कृपलानी 87 साल के थे, बीमार थे। फिर भी, उन्होंने 2 अक्टूबर गांधी जयंती के दिन राजघाट पर प्रतिरोध सभा का आयोजन किया। उसके ठीक बाद उनको अस्पताल ले जाया गया। उनको देखने गये एक मित्र ने देखा कि उनके शरीर में तरह तरह की नलियाँ लगी हुई थीं। जब उन्होंने कृपलानी से यह पूछा कि वे कैसे थे, तो उस उम्र में भी उत्साह से भरपूर जनतंत्र के उस सिपाही ने जवाब दिया: ‘मेरे पास कोई संविधान नहीं है। जो कुछ भी बचा है सब संशोधन हैं।‘
एक महान गांधीवादी ने काम सरकार के साथ शुरू किया और बाद में विपक्ष में चले गए। वह सी. राजगोपालाचारी थे, जिनकी चर्चा ऊपर हो चुकी है, जिनको गांधी ने एक बार ‘मेरी अंतरात्मा का रखवाला’ कहा था। राजाजी भारत के पहले गवर्नर जनरल बने, फिर गृह मंत्री, फिर मद्रास राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री। हालाँकि, इस बात को लेकर उनकी चिंता लगातार बढ़ती जा रही थी कि इतने बड़े देश में एक दल का प्रभाव जनतंत्र के लिए स्वास्थ्यवर्धक नहीं था। इसलिए 1956 में उन्होंने कांग्रेस पार्टी छोड़ दी; तीन साल बाद, अस्सी साल की उम्र में उन्होंने एक नए राजनीतिक दल का गठन किया किया जिसका नाम था स्वतंत्र। इसने उदारवादी मूल्यों एवं मुक्त बाज़ार अर्थव्यवस्था का प्रचार किया, जबकि सच्ची गांधीवादी परम्परा के मुताबिक़ स्पष्ट रूप से जाति और सामुदायिक पूर्वग्रहों से मुक्त था।
अब मैं आता हूँ गांधी की सबसे असाधारण महिला अनुयायी कमलादेवी चट्टोपाध्याय की तरफ़। आज़ादी के बाद प्रधानमंत्री नेहरु ने उनको मंत्रिमंडल में मंत्री बनने का आमंत्रण दिया। लेकिन उन्होंने दलीय राजनीति से पूरी तरह दूर रहने का फ़ैसला किया, और सीधे तौर पर आम आदमी और आम औरत की सेवा करने का फ़ैसला किया। कमलादेवी ने पहले शरणार्थियों के पुनर्वास के लिए काम किया; और उसके बाद भारत के हस्तकरघा क्षेत्र के पुनरोद्धार का काम किया। दोनों ही क्षेत्रों में बिना अपने ऊपर ध्यान आकर्षित किए उल्लेखनीय काम किया, साथ ही समर्पित कार्यकर्ताओं और सहकर्मियों को पोषित करने का काम भी वह करती रहीं।
समाज सेवा के क्षेत्र में एक और प्रमुख महिला कार्यकर्ता थीं मृदुला साराभाई, जो गांधी के आरम्भिक सरपरस्त अंबालाल की पुत्री और भविष्य में भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के वास्तुकार विक्रम साराभाई की बहन थीं। विभाजन के बाद मृदुला बहन ने अपहृत स्त्रियों को उनके परिवार से मिलवाने की दिशा में बहुत बड़ा काम किया। उसके बाद, उन्होंने स्वयं को कश्मीरी लोगों के अधिकारों के लिए समर्पित कर दिया, जो 1950 के दशक में आज की ही तरह बहुत सी बुनियादी सुविधाओं से महरूम थे जो भारत के अन्य राज्यों के नागरिकों को प्राप्त थीं। सिद्धांत और साहस की प्रतिमूर्ति मृदुला बहन जनतंत्र और अहिंसा के प्रति समर्पित रहीं, उनको या दुर्लभ सौभाग्य प्राप्त था कि वह ब्रिटिश राज के दौरान भी जेल गई और आज़ाद भारत में भी।
और ज़ाहिर है, जैसा कि अति प्रसिद्ध भारतीय जनतंत्रवादी जयप्रकाश नारायण ने किया। जेपी का गांधी के साथ आरम्भिक जुड़ाव उनकी पत्नी प्रभा देवी के कारण हुआ, जो साबरमती आश्रम में रहती थीं। गांधी के जीवन काल में जेपी एक जोशीले समाजवादी थे जिनको ऐसा लगता था कि महात्मा एक बुज़दिल प्रतिक्रियावादी थे। गांधी की मृत्यु के बाद वे उनकी राह के क़रीब आए। आपातकाल का उनके द्वारा किया गया विरोध हमारे इतिहास और क़िस्से कहानियों का हिस्सा है, हमारे जनतांत्रिक जीवन में उनके अन्य योगदान भी उतने ही उल्लेखनीय हैं लेकिन उनके बारे में लोग कम जानते हैं। मुझे विशेष रूप से नागालैंड और कश्मीर में रहने वाले भारतीय नागरिकों और भारतीय राज्य के बीच सम्माननीय समझौते के लिए दशक भर किया गया उनका काम याद आता है। 1966 में कश्मीर के बारे में लिखते हुए जेपी की टिप्पणी थी: ‘अगर हम ज़बरदस्ती शासन करते रहे और इन लोगों का दामन करते रहे या उनको दबाते रहे या उनके राज्य को अधीन बनाकर या किसी अन्य तरीक़े से उसके नस्लीय या धार्मिक चरित्र में बदलाव की कोशिश करते रहे तो मुझे लगता है कि राजनीतिक रूप से यह बहुत आपत्तिजनक काम होगा।‘
महात्मा गांधी के दो अन्य दूत आज़ाद भारत में समाज सेवा के काम में बहुत सक्रिय रहे। वे थे जे॰सी॰ कुमारप्पा और मीरा बहन(मैडेलीन स्लेड)। दोनों 1920 के दशक में गांधी आश्रम में आए और उसके बाद से वे उनके बेहद क़रीबी बने रहे। दोनों अग्रणी पर्यावरणवादी थे। कुमारप्पा प्रशिक्षित अर्थशास्त्री थे और ग्रामीण जीवन के चिरस्थायी पुनर्नवीकरण में उनकी गहरी रुचि थी। 1947 से 1960 में अपनी मृत्यु तक वे जल संरक्षण, ओर्गेनिक खेती, और सामुदायिक वन प्रबंधन को बढ़ावा देने का काम करते रहे, और उसकी हिमायत में लगे रहे जिसको वे ‘स्थायित्व की अर्थव्यवस्था’ कहते थे। उन्होंने भारतीय सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताओं की पूरी पीढ़ी को प्रभावित किया, साथ ही जाने माने पाश्चात्य अर्थशास्त्री ई॰एफ़॰ शुमाकर को भी प्रभावित किया, जिनकी किताब ‘स्मॉल इज ब्यूटीफुल’ उन विचारों के ऊपर आधारित थी जो उन्होंने गांधी और कुमारप्पा से ग्रहण की थी।
कुमारप्पा ने आज़ादी के बाद के साल अधिकतर तमिलनाडु के गाँवों में बिताए। इस बीच मीरा बहन गढ़वाल हिमालय में काम करती रहीं, वह भी ग्रामीण दीर्घकालिक विकास को लेकर काम करती रहीं। वह बड़े बाँधों और एकल वनीकरण की तब से आलोचक थीं जब उनकी शुरुआत हुई भी नहीं थी, और आधुनिक मनुष्य के लालच और अभिमान की भी। जैसा कि उन्होंने अप्रैल 1949 में लिखा: आज की त्रासदी यह है कि शिक्षित और पैसे वाला तबक़ा अस्तित्व से जुड़ी महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी चीज़ों से पूरी तरह अनभिज्ञ है- हमारी धरती माँ, तथा पशु और वनस्पतियों की आबादी जिसको वह पालती-पोसती है। मनुष्य को जब भी मौक़ा मिला उसने प्रकृति के सुनियोजित संसार को निर्ममता से लूटा और अस्त-व्यस्त कर दिया। अपने विज्ञान और मशीनों के बूते हो सकता है कि कुछ समय के लिए उसको भारी लाभ हो, लेकिन आख़िरकार यह तबाह हो जाएगा। हमें प्रकृति के संतुलन का अध्ययन करने की आवश्यकता है, और अगर हम शारीरिक रूप से स्वस्थ और नैतिक रूप से शालीन प्रजाति के रूप में बने रहना चाहते हैं तो अपने जीवन को उसके क़ायदों के अंतर्गत विकसित करने की ज़रूरत है।‘
मैंने बहुत संक्षेप में गांधी के ग्यारह असाधारण शिष्यों के बारे में लिखा है जिन्होंने अपने गुरु की मृत्यु के बाद उनके कामों को आगे बढ़ाया। मेरे इस शीर्षक के मुताबिक़ बारहवें दूत उस देश में काम करते रहे जो अविभाजित भारत से अलग हो गया, यानी पाकिस्तान में। वे थे खान अब्दुल ग़फ़्फ़ार खान, सीमांत गांधी। बादशाह खान ने पठानों के न्याय और आज़ादी के लिए दशकों संघर्ष किया, पाकिस्तान राज्य और सेना का मुक़ाबला किया, जबकि उनके पास हथियार महज़ सत्य, प्यार और अहिंसा का था। उन्होंने अनेक साल जेल में गुज़ारे, और कई साल उन्होंने निर्वासन भी भोगा। गांधी की जन्मशताब्दी के साल 1969 में जब वे भारत आए तो उन्होंने हम लोगों को इसके लिए झाड़ लगाई कि हम लोगों ने सांप्रदायिक हिंसा का दमघोंटू माहौल बनने दिया जो राष्ट्रपिता की स्मृति को अपवित्र करने जैसा है। कुल मिलाकर, बादशाह खान गांधी के बाद शायद सबसे बहादुर गांधीवादी रहे।
गांधी और भारतीय स्वाधीनता आंदोलन का इतिहास सब जानते हैं; लेकिन आज़ाद भारत के जीवन को समृद्ध बनाने में गांधीवादियों ने जो योगदान किया उसको हम लगभग भूल चुके हैं। उनके जाने के बाद उनके इतने सारे अनुयायियों ने इतने सारे प्रशंसनीय काम किए, जो गांधी के नेतृत्व और समूह निर्माण की उनकी लगन का बहुत बड़ा प्रमाण है। चाहे भारत हो या और कोई जगह, शक्तिशाली और प्रसिद्ध लोग, चाहे वे राजनीति, खेलकूद या व्यवसाय के क्षेत्र के शक्तिशाली तथा प्रसिद्ध लोग हों, उनकी यह प्रवृत्ति होती है कि वे सारी सत्ता और महानता को अपने इर्द गिर्द ही बनाए रखना चाहते हैं। गांधी इसके बहुत बड़े अपवाद थे। उनके अंदर यह दुर्लभ गुण था कि वे किसी व्यक्ति की प्रतिभा को पहचान लेते थे, उस आदमी को अपने क़रीब ले आते थे, उस आदमी के व्यक्तित्व और उसकी क्षमताओं को पोषित-विकसित करते थे, उसके बाद उस आदमी को अपने चुने हुए ढंग से जीवन जीने के लिए मुक्त कर देते थे।
गांधी के बाद के इन गांधिवादियों ने सरकार के अंदर काम किया, उसको मानवीय बनाने की कोशिश की। उन लोगों ने सरकार के विपक्ष में रहकर काम किया, सत्तारूढ़ दल को ज़िम्मेदार ठहराने के लिए काम करते रहे। उन लोगों ने समाज के लिए काम किया, आर्थिक स्वावलम्बन, सामाजिक समता, धार्मिक बहुलता, और पर्यावरण की दीर्घजीविता के लिए काम करते रहे। अपने उस्ताद की तरह ही गांधी के इन दूतों ने इस बात को समझ लिया था कि देश कोई लिखा जा चुका लेख नहीं था बल्कि सतत चलने वाली प्रक्रिया थी। वे इस बात को जानते थे कि संविधान के आदर्शों और ज़मीन पर दैनन्दिन के जीवन के बीच बड़ी गहरी खाई थी। उन लोगों ने जिस तरह से संभव हो सके इस खाई को भरने के लिए ख़ुद को समर्पित कर दिया। हन उनसे अभी भी सीख सकते हैं।
रामचंद्र गुहा ने सबसे प्रखर और वैचारिक शिष्य राममनोहर लोहिया का जिक्र न कर यह जतला दिया है कि वे बहुत ही सतही बौद्धिक है।
दुसरी बात पटेल नेहरू के अच्छे संबंध होने को कोई इंकार नहीं करता पर तात्विक बौद्धिक तौर पर नेहरू में पटेल और राजेन्द्र प्रसाद के प्रति उपेक्षा भाव था जो कालांतर में बढता गया। विशेषकर नेहरू के उतराधिकारी ने बहुत उपेक्षा की है जो आज चर्चा में है
जबरदस्त प्रवाह है . लोगों को अंग्रेजी में पढने की जरूरत महसूस नहीं होगी…और कुछ लोग सच के निकट ल़ौटेंगे ….
справки
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