जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
परसों की ही तो बात है. राजकमल प्रकाशन का स्थापना दिवस समारोह था, उसमें भालचंद्र नेमाड़े को हिंदी में भारतीय संस्कृति की बहुवचनीयता पर बोलते हुए सुना तो मुझे पुरुषोत्तम अग्रवाल की कहानी ‘नाकोहस’ याद आई. अकारण नहीं था. मृदुला गर्ग ने उस कहानी के अपने दूसरे पाठ के बाद उसके ऊपर लिखते हुए लिखा था कि उसमें ‘भयंकर समय की पदचाप’ है. किसी भी रचना की प्रासंगिकता यही होती है कि वह अपने देशकाल से भिन्न देशकाल में आपको बेसाख्ता याद आ जाए. है न, मौका था जयंती का याद आ गई कहानी ‘नाकोहस’.
संयोग से एक दुस्वप्न से उचटी नींद से आरम्भ हुई इस कहानी की शुरुआत में एक ऐसे चौक का वर्णन आता है जहाँ मंदिर और मस्जिद का संयुक्त संस्करण है. गलियां संकरी जरूर हो गई हैं लेकिन वे उस तक पहुँचती हैं. अब भी पहुँचती हैं. उन्हीं गलियों में भय के संकेतक के साथ सुकेत की नींद खुल जाती है. उस दिन नेमाड़े कह रहे थे कि जिसे हम संस्कृति कहते हैं, परम्परा का नाम देते हैं वह दरअसल गलियों के सिकुड़ते जाने का नाम नहीं है बल्कि तमाम संकटों के बावजूद चौक तक आने वाले रास्तों का खुले, बने रहने का नाम है. कहानी ‘नाकोहस’ के आरम्भ में यह उम्मीद बाक़ी है. आखिर दुस्वप्न ही तो है.
कहानी का जहाँ अंत होता है वहां वह दुस्वप्न भयानक खबर में बदल चुका होता है. कहानी में सुकेत के दो दोस्तों रघु, जिसे ईसाई होने के बावजूद यह नाम दिया गया, बिना किसी परेशानी के, और खुर्शीद के ऊपर हमला हो चुका है. मगरमच्छ बड़े आराम से बीच सडक पर बैठा हाथी की टांगों को चबा रहा है. सबसे दुःख की बात यह है कि किसी पर कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ रहा है. सब कुछ हस्बे-मामूल चल रहा है. मुझे नेमाडे को सुनते हुए ‘नाकोहस’ इसलिए याद आई क्योंकि नेमाड़े ने अपने व्याख्यान में यह बताया था कि ‘पंचतंत्र’ की कहानियां देश में पांच हजार साल से सुनाई जाती रही हैं. ‘नाकोहस’ को पढ़ते हुए पहली बार मुझे ऐसा लगा था जैसे जॉर्ज ऑरवेल के उपन्यास ‘नाइंटीन एटी फोर’ को भारत के सबसे पुराने कथा रूपों में से एक ‘पंचतंत्र’ की कथा शैली में लिखा जा रहा हो. भय को निरुपित करने वाले रूपक में जंगल की कथाओं का घुलमिल जाना है. कहानी के इस रूपक का समय विष्णु पुराण में वर्णित गज-ग्राह की प्रसिद्ध कथा से भी किया जा सकता है. कथाकार शायद यह संकेतिक करना चाहता है कि सभ्यता बहुवचनीयता का ही नाम होता है. जब वह विखंडित होने लगती है तो सभ्यता के जंगल राज में बदलते देर नहीं लगती. ऐसा राज्य जहाँ कानून का नहीं भय का राज्य कायम होने लगता है. एक विभाजक राजनीतिक परिदृश्य में इस कहानी की प्रासंगिकता समझ में आती है.
दूसरे रूप में अगर हम इस कहानी को पढ़ें तो इसमें कहीं गहरे जो ट्रेजेडी छिपी हुई है वह यह है कि प्रतिरोध कम होता जा रहा है. मध्यवर्गीय समाज इसे देख रहा है, समझ रहा है मगर इससे आँखें चुराता हुआ अपने जीवन में मुब्तिला है. सामूहिकता के कुछ उदाहरणों को छोड़ दिया जाए तो वह खंडित होती गई. जब मिलना जुलना ही नहीं हो रहा है तो मेलजोल की संस्कृति कैसे बच पायेगी? वर्तमान राजनीतिक परिदृश्य की यह सबसे बड़ी चिंता है कि किस तरह उस प्रतिरोध भाव को जगाया जाए. जब तक प्रतिरोध रहेगा तब तक प्रतिरोध का यह भाव बचा रहेगा तभी तक हमारी सांस्कृतिक विशिष्टता की सम्भावना बनी रहेगी. एक शोकगीत सा इस कहानी के बैकग्राउंड में लगातार बजता रहता है- वायलिन की उदास धुन की तरह.
निश्चित रूप से पिछले साल की यह सबसे अधिक चर्चित कहानी रही. सोशल मीडिया पर इस कहानी को लेकर जो बहस चली वह ऐतिहासिक कही जा सकती है. जिनको यह आपत्ति रहती है कि सोशल मीडिया पर बहसें गंभीर नहीं होती तो उनको ‘नाकोहस’ को लेकर चली बहस को ध्यान से पढना चाहिए. उस बहस में मैं अब नहीं पड़ना चाहता हूँ लेकिन मुझे युवा आलोचक राकेश बिहारी द्वारा इस कहानी को आधार बनाकर लिखे गए लेख में यह लिखना आपत्तिजनक लगा कि इस कहानी में कहानीपन का अभाव है और विचारों की अधिकता. मैं पूरी विनम्रता के साथ यह कहना चाहता हूँ कि गल्प का अपने आपमें बना-बनाया कोई सांचा नहीं होता. बल्कि वह तो अपने आप में साहित्य की सबसे जनतांत्रिक विधा है. उसकी सबसे बड़ी खूबसूरती यही मानी जाती रही है कि उसमें लेखक जिस रूप में चाहे अपनी बात कह सकता है, प्रकट कर सकता है. कई बार सच को अधिक गहराई से दिखाने के लिए लेखक झूठ लगने वाली गल्पात्मक विधा का सहारा लेता है. कहानियों का इतिहास इसका गवाह है. मैं यहाँ कमलेश्वर की कहानी ‘जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक’ का उदहारण देना चाहता हूँ. कई बार लेखक प्रतीकात्मक रूप में अपनी बात रखना चाहता है, रूपकों में कथा कहना चाहता है.
बरसों में ऐसी वैचारिक कहानी मैंने हिंदी में नहीं पढ़ी जिसमें धर्मनिरपेक्षता को लेकर, सांस्कृतिक बहुलता को लेकर रूपक कथा के रूप में बहस चल रही हो. वैचारिकता का अभाव किस तरह अच्छी रचनात्मकता का सूचक हो सकती है यह बात मुझे समझ में नहीं आई. क्या ऐसी कोई रचना है भी जो श्रेष्ठ हो और वैचारिकता से शून्य भी हो. विचार ही रचनाओं को प्रासंगिक बनाए रखते हैं. दुर्भाग्य से उदयप्रकाश के ‘विक्टिम नायक’ फ़ॉर्मूले की छाया में लिखी गई कहानियों में सबसे अधिक जो बात रेखांकित की जा सकती है वह इसी विचार भाव का क्षय है. समकालीन कहानी गहरे रूप से समसामयिकता से ग्रस्त है. वह नितांत समसामयिकता में अवस्थित है. न वह अपनी परम्परा से संवाद बना पाती है न ही भविष्य की तरफ देख पाती है.
परम्परा की ‘गज-ग्राह’ की कथा को समकालीन फैंटेसी में उसी तरह से गुंधा गया है जिस तरह से 50 साल पहले मुक्तिबोध ने ‘अँधेरे में’ कविता का शिल्प बुना था. यह कहानी इसलिए भी रेखांकित किये जाने लायक है क्योंकि यह कहानी को महावृत्तान्त के बोझ से मुक्त करके आख्यान शिल्प में ढालने की कोशिश की तरह से लिखी गई है.
दुस्स्वप्न को यथार्थ में बदलने से बचाना है तो प्रतिरोध की भारतीय परम्परा को बचाए जाने की जरूरत है. कल नेमाड़े जी यही तो कह रहे थे. ‘नाकोहस’ कहानी यही तो कहती है. सभ्यता को विद्रूप होने से बचाना है तो इसे बचाना ही होगा- इस समय की सबसे बड़ी बौद्धिक चिंता यही तो है. पास्टर निमोलर की ये पंक्तियाँ कितनी प्रासंगिक लगने लगी हैं ‘नाकोहस’ के आलोक में-
‘पहले वे आये कम्युनिस्टों के लिए
और मैं कुछ नहीं बोला
क्योंकि मैं कम्युनिस्ट नहीं था।
फिर वे आये ट्रेड यूनियन वालों के लिए
और मैं कुछ नहीं बोला
क्योंकि मैं ट्रेड यूनियन में नहीं था।
फिर वे आये यहूदियों के लिए
और मैं कुछ नहीं बोला
क्योंकि मैं यहूदी नहीं था।
फिर वे मेरे लिए आये
और तब तक कोई नहीं बचा था
जो मेरे लिए बोलता।‘
28 फरवरी को मैं भालचंद्र नेमाड़े के व्याख्यान को सुनते हुए ‘नाकोहस’ को याद कर रहा था!
नाकोहस कहानी पढने के लिए क्लिक करें!
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I’d personally also like to mention that most individuals that find themselves devoid of health insurance are generally students, self-employed and those that are unemployed. More than half of the uninsured are really under the age of 35. They do not really feel they are looking for health insurance as they are young plus healthy. Their income is frequently spent on housing, food, as well as entertainment. Many people that do go to work either 100 or not professional are not presented insurance via their jobs so they head out without owing to the rising cost of health insurance in the us. Thanks for the concepts you write about through this website.
Thanks for your handy post. Through the years, I have been able to understand that the symptoms of mesothelioma are caused by the particular build up associated fluid regarding the lining in the lung and the breasts cavity. The condition may start within the chest vicinity and propagate to other body parts. Other symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include losing weight, severe inhaling trouble, nausea, difficulty eating, and irritation of the neck and face areas. It ought to be noted that some people existing with the disease do not experience almost any serious symptoms at all.
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I have realized some important matters through your site post. One other stuff I would like to say is that there are many games out there designed mainly for preschool age little ones. They include things like pattern identification, colors, animals, and forms. These usually focus on familiarization as an alternative to memorization. This makes little ones occupied without having the experience like they are learning. Thanks* JJ’s Ducted Gas Heating Repairs and Installation * 162 Mitchell Rd, Lilydale VIC 3140 * 0412 531 821
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Thanks for sharing your ideas. I’d also like to state that video games have been ever evolving. Modern technology and innovative developments have made it simpler to create genuine and enjoyable games. These kinds of entertainment games were not as sensible when the concept was first of all being used. Just like other designs of know-how, video games too have had to develop by many many years. This is testimony towards the fast development of video games.
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It’s my belief that mesothelioma will be the most fatal cancer. It’s got unusual traits. The more I look at it the more I am convinced it does not conduct itself like a real solid human cancer. If perhaps mesothelioma can be a rogue virus-like infection, therefore there is the prospects for developing a vaccine and offering vaccination to asbestos subjected people who are open to high risk with developing potential asbestos connected malignancies. Thanks for expressing your ideas on this important health issue.
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Yet another issue is that video games are typically serious as the name indicated with the major focus on mastering rather than amusement. Although, we have an entertainment element to keep children engaged, each and every game will likely be designed to develop a specific skill set or area, such as math concepts or research. Thanks for your publication.