जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
आज मार्केज़ की पुण्यतिथि है। जब उनका निधन हुआ था तो हिंदी के वरिष्ठ लेखक-कवि-पत्रकार प्रियदर्शन ने उनके साहित्य का मूल्यांकन करते हुए यह लेख लिखा था। आज याद आया तो साझा कर रहा हूँ। मौक़ा मिले तो पढ़िएगा। बहुत से सूत्र मिलेंगे- मॉडरेटर
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एक लड़की थी- फ्राउड फ्रेरा। शायद यह उसका असली नाम नहीं था, लेकिन इसी नाम से वह पहचानी जाती थी। वह सपने देखती थी और उनकी व्याख्या करती थी। इसी के सहारे उसने अपना पूरा जीवन गुज़ारा। परिवार उसकी भविष्यवाणियों के हिसाब से अपने दिन का कामकाज तय करते, लोग उसकी चेतावनी पर मुल्क छोड़ कर चले जाते। एक दिन वह चिली के कवि पाब्लो नेरुदा से मिली। नेरुदा ने कहा कि उन्हें सपनों पर नहीं, कविता पर भरोसा है। लेकिन उसी दिन नेरुदा ने सपना देखा कि वह लड़की उनके बारे में सपना देख रही है। उस लड़की ने भी सपना देखा कि नेरुदा उसके बारे में सपना देख रहे हैं।
जब पाब्लो नेरुदा लेखक को बताते हैं कि उन्होंने यह सपना देखा है तो लेखक कहता है कि यह तो बोर्ख़ेज़ की कहानी है.। नेरुदा निराश होते हैं- क्या बोर्ख़ेज़ ने वाकई ऐसा लिखा है? लेखक कहता है, लिखा नहीं है तो लिख देगा। बरसों बाद एक दिन एक समुद्री तूफ़ान की चपेट में आकर वह लड़की मारी जाती है। एक कार की ड्राइविंग सीट पर बुरी तरह कटा-छंटा उसका शव मिलता है और पन्ना जड़ी एक सांप जैसी अंगूठी मिलती है जिसके ज़रिए लेखक उसकी पहचान सुनिश्चित कर पाता है।
यह गैब्रियल गार्सिया मार्केज़ की कहानी है- ‘आई सेल माई ड्रीम्स’। यह कहानी उस जादू का कुछ सुराग देती है जिसका नाम मार्केज़ है। उनकी एक ही कहानी में न जाने कितने बरस और मुल्क चले आते हैं, कई पहचानें चली आती हैं, उदासी-अकेलापन, अंदेशे और उल्लास चले आते हैं, पाब्लो नेरुदा और बोर्खेज़ चले आते हैं और एक ऐसा वृत्तांत चला आता है जिस पर यह दुनिया भरोसा न करते हुए भी भरोसा करने लगती है। फिर इस वृत्तांत में इतनी सघनता और गहराई होती है कि हम उसमें डूबते चले जाते हैं। ऐसा लगता है कि मार्केज़ हमारे भीतर का सपना देख रहे हैं और हम मार्केज़ के भीतर का सपना देख रहे हैं।
मार्केज़ का ज़िक्र अक्सर जादुई यथार्थवाद के संदर्भ में होता है जिसकी आसान व्याख्या यह कर दी जाती है कि मार्केज़ पुराने मिथकों और निजी फंतासियों को आधुनिक कथा-दृष्टि से जोड़ देते हैं और अंततः जो प्रस्तुत करते हैं, वह यथार्थ है। शायद कथा लेखन को यथार्थवाद के चौखटे में कस कर देखने का अभ्यास हमारे भीतर इतना गहरा हो गया है या फिर उसकी अपरिहार्यता पर हमारा विश्वास ऐसा अटूट हो गया है कि हम अपने एक बड़े लेखक को अयथार्थवादी मान कर चलने में संकोच करते हैं।
हालांकि यह लिखने का मतलब यह नहीं है कि मार्केज़ अयथार्थवादी थे- बस इतना है कि उनपर यथार्थवाद का- चाहे वह जादुई हो या न हो- ठप्पा लगाना ज़रूरी नहीं है। जादुई यथार्थवाद के चश्मे से अगर उन्हें देखना हो तो समझने की ज़रूरत है कि वह जादू क्या है जो मार्केज़ बुनते हैं- निश्चय ही वह सिर्फ फंतासियों का जादू नहीं है। फंतासियां या बहुत कल्पनाशील ब्योरे साहित्य में हमेशा से रहे हैं। स्पैनिश की ही परंपरा में सर्वेंटिस और बोर्खेज़ जैसे लेखक रहे हैं जिनके रचना संसार में फंतासी और कल्पनाशीलता की, मिथकों और लोककथाओं की केंद्रीय उपस्थिति रही है। इसमें संदेह नहीं कि मार्केज़ इस परंपरा से परिचित भी हैं और इसके प्रति सचेत भी- बल्कि वे पूरे लेखन में ही परंपरा का मोल समझते हैं। उनका यह कथन प्रसिद्ध है कि 10,000 साल के लेखन की परंपरा के कम से कम धुंधले परिचय के बिना उपन्यास लिखने की कल्पना नहीं की जा सकती। हालांकि यह बात कहते हुए उन्होंने तत्काल जोड़ा था, ‘मैं जिन लेखकों को पसंद करता हूं, मैंने कभी उनका अनुकरण करने की कोशिश नहीं की, उल्टे यह कोशिश की कि उनका अनुकरण न करूं।
तो सवाल है, मार्केज़ वह क्या करते हैं कि उनके छूते ही जादू और यथार्थ की, मिथक और फंतासी की, किंवदंतियों और लोक स्मृति की वे कथाएं जैसे जीवित हो उठती हैं, आंख मलने लगती हैं और अचानक हमें कुछ ऐसा दे जाती हैं जो 10,000 साल की परंपरा के बाद भी नया, अनूठा और जादुई लगता है? वह कौन सा जादू है जिसे हम जादुई यथार्थवाद कहते हैं?
मार्केज़ इस जादू को कई स्तरों पर संभव करते हैं। उनके कथात्मक ब्योरों में इतनी सघनता होती है, एक-एक वाक्य में इतनी अनुगूंजें होती हैं कि बेहद सामान्य दृश्य भी बिल्कुल नए अर्थों के साथ खुलने लगते हैं। उनके यहां जो संवेदनात्मक तीव्रता है, जैसे वह एक धारदार चाकू है जिससे किसी यथार्थ या अनुभव की परत दर परत चीरते हुए वे बता पाते हैं कि ख़ून यहां से बहता है, नसें यहां से फूटती हैं, दर्द ठीक यहां पर होता है। उनकी एक कहानी में एक अपदस्थ राष्ट्रपति के दर्द की थाह लेता डॉक्टर ठीक उस रग पर हाथ रख देता है जहां से निकल कर वह दर्द दूसरे हिस्सों में पहुंच रहा है, और इसके बाद वह अपने ललाट की तरफ इशारा करता हुआ बताता है, ‘हालांकि, निहायत ठेठ अर्थों में, राष्ट्रपति महोदय, सारा दर्द यहां होता है।‘
इस सघनता से, जो तीव्रता, जो स्पंदन मार्केज़ पैदा करते हैं, वह दूसरे लेखकों में दुर्लभ है। इस सघनता के अक्सर दो प्रभाव होते हैं। हर वाक्य आपको अपने साथ बांधता है और रोकता है। हर वाक्य पर ठिठक कर आप सोचते हैं। आपको तत्काल यह एहसास होता है कि आप एक बड़े लेखक के सान्निध्य में हैं। हालांकि इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि ‘हंड्रेड इयर्स ऑफ सॉलिट्यूड’ की दुनिया की कई भाषाओं में करोड़ों प्रतियां बिकीं और मार्केज़ की दूसरी कृतियों को भी पाठकों का व्यापक संसार मिला, मार्केज़ वैसे आसान लेखक नहीं हैं जैसे कई दूसरे लेखक रहे हैं। टॉल्स्टॉय, मार्क ट्वेन, चार्ल्स डिकेंस, ग्राहम ग्रीन या मिलान कुंदेरा या कई और लेखक पाठकों तक बड़ी सरलता से पहुंचते हैं। वर्जीनिया वुल्फ या जेम्स ज्वायस जैसे स्ट्रीम ऑफ कांशसनेस वाले लेखकों के काव्यात्मक ब्योरे भी बहुत सारे पाठकों को स्पंदित करते हैं, लेकिन मार्केज़ इन सबके अलग हैं। उनमें जैसे एक साथ सब समाहित हैं। वे बाहरी यथार्थ जगत की परिक्रमा करें या आंतरिक मनोजगत की- उनकी सतत सक्रिय सूक्ष्म आंख बिल्कुल एक-एक चीज़ का मुआयना करती है और पाठकों के सामने उसी तरह रख देती है।
लेकिन यही चीज़ मार्केज़ को दुरूह और जटिल भी बनाती है। गहरे संकेतों और अनुगूंजों से भरी उनकी कथा-प्रविधि पाठकों को लगातार जैसे एक अतिरिक्त तनाव से भरती है, उनसे सजग रहने की मांग करती है। पाठक जैसे अनुभवों के एक उलझे हुए जंगल से गुज़रता है- ध्यान भटका कि रास्ता खो गया, रचना खो गई। उनके लोकवृत्तांत भी कई बार पहेली जान पड़ते हैं। जितने लोग मार्केज़ को पढ़ना शुरू करते हैं, उससे कहीं ज़्यादा लोग अधूरा छोड़ देते हैं। यह शायद सब लेखकों के साथ होता है, लेकिन मार्केज़ के संदर्भ में दिलचस्प यह है कि कई बार उन्हें पूरा पढ़कर भी अतृप्ति बनी रह जाती है तो कई बार अधूरा पढ़कर भी एक तरह की तृप्ति का अनुभव होता है- या कम से कम एक बहुमूल्य प्राप्ति का।
इस सघनता को मार्केज़ अपनी बेहद सुचिंतित शब्द योजना से भी संभव करते हैं। ‘स्ट्रेंज पिल्ग्रिम्स’ की भूमिका में वे लिखते हैं, ‘एक उपन्यास शुरू करने में जितनी तीव्र कोशिश शामिल होती है, उतनी ही एक कहानी लिखने में भी, जहां सब कुछ पहले ही पैराग्राफ में स्पष्ट हो जाना चाहिएः प्रारूप, लहजा, शैली, लय, लंबाई, और कभी-कभी तो किसी किरदार की शख्सियत भी। इसके बाद जो है, वह लिखने का उल्लास है- सर्वाधिक अंतरंग और एकांतिक उल्लास…’।
उल्लास वह दूसरा तत्व है जो मार्केज़ के जादू को कुछ और गाढ़ा करता है। यह उल्लास उनकी कहानियों या उपन्यासों में आने वाली स्थितियों का हिस्सा नहीं होता, बल्कि उनके पूरे लेखन की बुनावट के बीच से फूटता रहता है। इस उल्लास के स्रोत कहां हैं? इस सवाल पर ठीक से विचार करें तो पाते हैं कि मार्केज़ का लेखन मनुष्य के जीवट की न ख़त्म होने वाली कहानी जैसा है। ‘हंड्रेड इयर्स ऑफ सॉलिट्यूड’ के कर्नल ओरिलियानो बुएंदिया या उर्सूला जैसे किरदार इस जीवट के जाने-माने दृष्टांत हैं। लेकिन अपेक्षया कम चर्चित कहानियों और किरदारों में भी यह खासियत दिखाई पड़ती है। 90 साल की उम्र के उसके नायक अपने जन्मदिन पर खुद को एक युवा तवायफ़ का तोहफा देने को तैयार रहते हैं। उनका डॉक्टर इलाके के अहंकारी मेयर के दांतों का इलाज करने से पहले इनकार करता है और मेयर की धमकी के बाद अपनी पिस्तौल इस तरह तौलता है जैसे उसे मार डालेगा। लेकिन मेयर के आते ही वह बिल्कुल सख्त पेशेवर डॉक्टर की तरह उसका इलाज कर उसे भेज देता है। ‘द सेंट’ कहानी का मार्गरिटो एक बक्से में अपनी बेटी का कभी न सड़ने वाला शव लेकर बरसों तक रोम में घूमता रहता है ताकि इस करिश्मे के लिए उसे संत की उपाधि दिला सके। इस दौरान तीन पोप गुज़र जाते हैं, हर मोड़ पर उसे निराशा हासिल होती है, लेकिन उसकी उम्मीद कुछ ऐसी है कि टूटती ही नहीं। कहानी के अंत में लेखक प्रस्तावित करता है कि अपनी बेटी के संतत्व की इस साधना में लगा यह शख्स ही अपने-आप में संत है।
यहां तक कि जिन कहानियों में मृत्यु की पदचाप है, बीमारियों की छाया है, पतन की शोकांतिका है, वहां भी मार्केज़ के किरदार अपनी मानवीय गरिमा बनाए रखते हैं। ‘वॉन वोयेज मि प्रेसिडेंट’ का अपदस्थ और लगभग कंगाली में जी रहा राष्ट्रपति पाता है कि उसके ऑपरेशन में बहुत पैसे लगने हैं। जिस अस्पताल में वह जाता है, वहां का एंबुलेंस ड्राइवर ऐसे बड़े लोगों की तलाश में रहता है जिनके मरने के बाद अंतिम संस्कार का ठेका वह ले सके और कुछ पैसे बना सके। लेकिन नौबत यह आती है कि इस कहानी में वह ड्राइवर और उसकी पत्नी राष्ट्रपति के ऑपरेशन के लिए अपने बच्चों के गुल्लक तोड़ कर पैसा जमा करते हैं। जबकि राजनीति और अपनी पुरानी पहचान से बिल्कुल विमुख हो चुका राष्ट्रपति 75 साल की उम्र में- जैसे मृत्यु के छोर पर खड़ा होकर- अपने देश में सुधार आंदोलन के नेता के रूप में अपनी वापसी चाहता है। उसकी कहानियों में धूप से बचने के लिए युद्धों की गोलियों से छिदी छतरियां लेकर वेश्याएं खड़ी मिलती हैं।
एंबुलेंस के ड्राइवर से लेकर अपदस्थ राष्ट्रपतियों तक, वेश्याओं से लेकर तानाशाहों तक, वर्तमान की धुकधुकी से लेकर इतिहास के विराट चक्र तक, सस्ते होटलों की सड़कछाप गपशप से लेकर बड़े-बड़े भवनों की महलछाप साज़िशों तक मार्केज़ के पास जैसे हर दुनिया की चाबी है, और उसकी रूह के भीतर झांकने का हुनर। यह काम, बेशक, वे किसी संत की निर्लिप्तता से नहीं करते। उनका अपना एक पक्ष है- एक लातीन अमेरिकी पक्ष जो अंततः बार-बार मिटने और पनपने वाली तानाशाहियों के विरुद्ध और न खत्म होने वाले जन प्रतिरोधों के हक़ में बनता है और जिसमें सिर्फ लातीन अमेरिका के नहीं, उस पूरी तीसरी दुनिया के सपने झिलमिलाते हैं जो पिछले कुछ सौ वर्षों में पूंजी और सत्ता के कुचक्रों द्वारा सबसे ज़्यादा रौंदी गई है। सिर्फ़ इत्तिफ़ाक नहीं है कि आड़े-तिरछे नामों वाले अजनबी समाजों और किरदारों के बावजूद मार्केज़ के कथा-संसार में हम अपनी मिट्टी की ख़ुशबू और पानी की तरलता भी पहचान पाते हैं और उस ख़ून-पसीने की गंध भी, जो दोनों परिवेशों के किरदारों में साझा है।
मार्केज़ को पढ़ते हुए ही ख़याल आता है कि समकालीन साहित्य में शुष्क यथार्थवाद का जो प्रचलित ढांचा है, वह उन्नीसवीं सदी के साम्राज्यवाद और बीसवीं सदी के महायुद्धों से त्रस्त यूरोप का दिया हुआ है, जबकि कई गैरयूरोपीय- एशियाई, लातीन अमेरिकी और अफ्रीकी समाजों से आए- लेखकों ने इस ढांचे को तोड़ा है। ओरहान पामुक ने अपने बहुत गहन-गझिन शिल्प के साथ ‘माई नेम इज़ रेड’ या ‘व्हाइट कासल’ जैसे उपन्यासों में अपनी तरह के प्रयोग किए हैं। सलमान रुश्दी के ‘मिडनाइट्स चिल्ड्रेन’ और दूसरे उपन्यासों में इस जादुई यथार्थवाद की छाया ख़ूब मिलती है। मरियो वर्गेस ल्योसा का ‘द स्टोरी टेलर’ भी एक लोक आख्यान के गर्भ से निकलता है। हारुकी मुराकामी के ‘द वाइल्ड शीप चेज़’ या दूसरे उपन्यासों में भी यह चीज़ दिखाई पड़ती है। इन सबके पीछे मार्केज़ की प्रेरणा देखना शायद ठीक नहीं होगा, लेकिन इसमें शक नहीं कि अपने समय पर मार्केज़ के प्रभाव का कुछ स्पर्श इन लेखकों पर भी रहा हो सकता है।
हिंदी साहित्य में भी पश्चिम के वैचारिक दबदबे से अऩाक्रांत रहे हज़ारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी के चारों उपन्यास अपना एक वैकल्पिक ढांचा बनाते हैं जो जादुई यथार्थवाद के काफ़ी करीब मालूम होता है। उनके अलावा जिस लेखक ने यह काम सबसे ज़्यादा किया है- वे विजयदान देथा हैं जो लोककथाओं के दायरे में अपना आधुनिक यथार्थ रचते रहे हैं। यह अनायास नहीं है कि उऩका साहित्य मूलतः अपनी परंपरा की खोज करते हुए और उसे नए रूप में सिरजते हुए बना है।
वैसे यह सच है कि हमारे यहां यथार्थवाद का आतंक इतना गहरा है कि इसके बाहर जाकर लिखने वाले लोग कम रहे हैं। मनोहर श्याम जोशी के ‘कुरु-कुरु स्वाहा’ या दूसरे उपन्यासों में अपनी तरह की दुस्साहसिकता दिखती है और विनोद कुमार शुक्ल के ‘नौकर की कमीज़’ और ‘दीवार में एक खिड़की रहती थी’ में एक तरह की अभिनवता। उदय प्रकश के रचना संसार में भी इस घेरे से बाहर जाने के प्रमाण दिखते हैं। अपने आख़िरी उपन्यास ‘रह गईं दिशाएं उस पार’ में संजीव भी एक हद तक यह ज़मीन तोड़ते नज़र आते हैं। अलका सरावगी के उपन्सास ‘कोई बात नहीं’ का एक किरदार जीवन चांडाल कई रूपों में दिखाई पड़ता है- वे कुछ जगहों पर यथार्थवाद का अतिक्रमण करती दिखती हैं। अखिलेश के कहानी संग्रह ‘अंधेरा और अन्य कहानियां’ में भी जगह-जगह यह प्रविधि दिखाई पड़ती है।
दरअसल मार्केज़ या उनके समकालीन मूर्द्धन्यों के बहाने हम इस मूल प्रश्न पर फिर से विचार करते नज़र आते हैं कि साहित्य आख़िर करता क्या है- वह हमें बार-बार हमारी मनुष्यता लौटाता है और उस खामोश दुनिया के सुराग देता रहता है जिसे बाकी शास्त्र- इतिहास, समाजशास्त्र या राजनीतिशास्त्र अपने-अपने ढंग से अनदेखा करते रहते हैं। चार-पांच साल पहले जेरूसलम में एक पुरस्कार ग्रहण करते हुए हारुकी मुराकामी ने अपने भाषण में कहा था कि उपन्यासकार अंततः झूठ रचते हैं ताकि सच को सामने लाया जा सके- ‘एक तरह से निपुण झूठ गढ़कर, कल्पनाओं को बिल्कुल सच की तरह प्रस्तुत कर उपन्यासकार किसी सच को बिल्कुल नई अवस्थिति में ला खड़ा कर सकता है और उस पर नई रोशनी डाल सकता है। ज़्यादातर मामलों में सच को बिल्कुल उसके वास्तविक स्वरूप में ग्रहण करना और उसे यथावत प्रस्तुत करना लगभग असंभव होता है। यही वजह है कि हम उसकी पूंछ पकड़ कर सच को उसकी गुफा से बाहर आने को ललचाते हैं, उसे एक काल्पनिक पृष्ठभूमि में ला बिठाते हैं और उसे एक काल्पनिक स्वरूप में रूपांतरित कर देते हैं। हालांकि इस लक्ष्य तक पहुंचने से पहले, हमें खुद में स्पष्ट होना पड़ता है कि सच हमारे भीतर कहां है। अच्छे झूठ गढ़ने की यह एक अनिवार्य शर्त है।‘
कहना न होगा कि बड़ा साहित्य इस बात की भी पहचान है कि सच हमारे भीतर कहां है- मार्केज़ यह काम करते हैं और हम सबकी रोशनी बन जाते हैं। ‘लव इन द टाइम्स ऑफ कॉलरा’ के पहले ही पैरा में जेरेमिया द सेंट ऐमोर की मृत्यु का ज़िक्र करते हुए वे इसे स्मृति की यंत्रणा से निज़ात पाना बताते हैं। लेकिन मार्केज़ को रचने वाले ने अपने किरदार के लिए एक दूसरी यंत्रणा चुनी थी- यह स्मृतिविहीनता की न महूसस होने वाली यंत्रणा थी जिससे हमारा लेखक पिछले कुछ बरसों से गुज़र रहा था। उनकी मृत्यु अब स्मृति-विस्मृति सबको लील चुकी है। मार्केज़ के निधन के बाद एक अंग्रेज़ी अख़बार ने उचित ही यह शीर्षक दिया था कि यथार्थ ने अपना कुछ जादू खो दिया है।
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बहुत खूब जादूई लेखक पर जादूई लेख। बहुत मजा आया पढ़ कर। बधाई प्रियदर्शन, प्रभारंजन और जानकीपुल।
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